1. Product Composition and Interfacial Design
1.1 Core-Shell Framework and Bonding System
(Copper-Coated Steel Fibers)
Copper-coated steel fibers (CCSF) are composite filaments consisting of a high-strength steel core wrapped up by a conductive copper layer, creating a metallurgically bonded core-shell design.
The steel core, commonly low-carbon or stainless steel, supplies mechanical toughness with tensile staminas surpassing 2000 MPa, while the copper coating– generally 2– 10% of the overall diameter– conveys superb electric and thermal conductivity.
The interface between steel and copper is vital for performance; it is engineered through electroplating, electroless deposition, or cladding processes to ensure solid bond and very little interdiffusion under functional stress and anxieties.
Electroplating is the most usual approach, using specific thickness control and consistent insurance coverage on constant steel filaments drawn via copper sulfate bathrooms.
Proper surface pretreatment of the steel, including cleaning, pickling, and activation, makes certain ideal nucleation and bonding of copper crystals, protecting against delamination during subsequent handling or service.
With time and at raised temperature levels, interdiffusion can create fragile iron-copper intermetallic phases at the user interface, which might jeopardize adaptability and long-lasting integrity– an obstacle minimized by diffusion obstacles or fast handling.
1.2 Physical and Practical Quality
CCSFs incorporate the very best attributes of both constituent metals: the high flexible modulus and fatigue resistance of steel with the remarkable conductivity and oxidation resistance of copper.
Electrical conductivity commonly ranges from 15% to 40% of International Annealed Copper Criterion (IACS), depending upon finishing density and purity, making CCSF dramatically much more conductive than pure steel fibers (
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